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Linden

Also listed as: Common lime; European lime; Lime tree; Tilia cordata; Tilia platyphyllos

• Overview
• Plant Description
• Parts Used
• Medicinal Uses and Indications
• Available Forms
• How to Take It
• Precautions
• Possible Interactions
• Supporting Research

Overview

Linden, an herb derived from various species of Tilia , or lime tree, has been used in European folk medicine for centuries to treat a wide range of health problems. Flowers from two linden species ( Tilia cordata and Tilia platypus ) were traditionally used to soothe nerves and treat health problems associated with anxiety. These flowers were added to baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion, irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. Today, linden is used in many cough and cold remedies. Active ingredients in linden help promote sweating, which is helpful in people with fevers. Lime trees are also valued for their wood and charcoal, and for the flavorful honey made from their flowers.

Plant Description

The Tilia species grow in temperate climates in the north. They are deciduous trees (leaves shed seasonally) that can grow to a height of 90 feet and may live up to 1,000 years. Herbal linden flower formulas typically call for either Tilia cordata , the small-leafed European linden also known as the winter linden, or Tilia platyphyllos , the large-leafed, early-blooming summer linden. Both species are frequently planted as ornamental trees along city streets. Depending on the species, their fragrance ranges from potent and sweet to quite rich. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and slimy. Linden tea has a pleasing taste, due in part to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers.

Parts Used

Linden flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are the parts used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the linden flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants), volatile oil, and mucilage components (which are soothing and reduce inflammation). The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent.

Medicinal Uses and Indications

Tilia has been studied in only a few test tube and animal trials. However, a qualified health care provider may recommend this herb for use in certain health conditions. Note that, different parts of Tilia species are used in treating specific conditions and symptoms.

• Tilia cordata/platypus flowers is used in colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative.
• Tilia cordata/platypus leaves is used to promote sweating (helpful for fevers).
• Tilia cordata/platypus wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of the skin and surrounding soft tissue).
• Tilia cordata/platypus charcoal is ingested to treat intestinal disorders and used topically to treat swelling (edema) or infection (such as cellulitis or ulcers) of the lower leg.

Available Forms

• Dried flower preparations, including teas and capsules
• Fluid extract
• Tincture

How to Take It

Pediatric

Adjust the recommended adult dose to account for the child's weight. Most herbal dosages for adults are calculated on the basis of a 150 lb (70 kg) adult. Therefore, if the child weighs 50 lb (20 - 25 kg), the appropriate dose of linden for this child would be 1/3 of the adult dosage.

Adult

The following are recommended adult doses:

• Tea (infusion): 1 - 2 tsp flowers in 8 oz of water. Steep covered for 20 minutes. Drink three cups of hot tea daily.
• Fluid extract (1:1 in 25 % ethanol), 3 - 4 mL daily, taken in three divided doses
• Tincture (1:5 in 30 % ethanol) 4 - 10 mL daily, taken in three divided doses

Precautions

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, contain components that can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, preferably under the supervision of a health care provider knowledgeable in the field of botanical medicine.

Linden is considered safe at the recommended dosage. There have been rare reports of hives or other allergic skin reactions (called contact dermatitis) from touching the lime tree.

Possible Interactions

There are no known scientific reports of interactions between linden and conventional medications.

Supporting Research

Aguirre-Hernandez E, Martinez AL, Gonzalez-Trujano ME, Moreno J, Vibrans H, Soto-Hernandez M. Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic and sedative effects of Tilia americana L. var. mexicana in mice. J Ethnopharmacol . 2007;109(1):140-145.

Bradley P, ed. British Herbal Compendium . Vol. I. Dorset (Great Britain): British Herbal Medicine Association; 1992: 142-144.

Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al., ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines . Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998: 163, 342, 343.

Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs . Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:240-243.

Coleta M, Campos MG, Cotrin MD, Proenca de Cunha A. Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia eruopaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Pharmacopsychiatry . 2001;34 Suppl 1:S20-S21.

Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Christof J. PDR for Herbal Medicines . 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2000: 477-479.

Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Shimoda H, Yoshikawa M. Hepatoprotective principles from the flowers of Tilia argentea (linden): structure requirements of tiliroside and mechanisms of action. Bioorg Med Chem . 2002;10(30:707-712.

Mur P, Feo Brito F, Lombardero M, et al. Allergy to linden pollen ( Tilia cordata ). Allergy . 2001;56(5):457-458.

Picardo M, Rovina R, Cristaudo A, Cannistraci C, Santucci R. Contact urticaria from Tilia (lime). Contact Dermatitis . 1988;19(1):72-73.

Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler V. Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine . 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer; 1998:142.

Toker G, Asian M, Yesilada E, Memisoglu M, Ito S. Comparative evaluation of the flavonoid content in officinal Tillae flos and Turkish lime species for quality assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal . 2001;26(1):111-112.

Yildirim A, Mavi A, Oktay M, Kara AA, Algur OF, Bilaloglu V. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tilia ( Tilia argentea Desf ex DC), sage ( Salvia triloba l.), and black tea ( Camellia sinensis ) extracts. J Agric Food Chem . 2000;48(10):5030-5034.

White L, Mavor S. Kids, Herbs, Health . Loveland, Colo: Interweave Press; 1998.

• Review Date: 1/16/2007
• Reviewed By: Ernest B. Hawkins, MS, BSPharm, RPh, Health Education Resources; and Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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